Post by Spawn on Nov 21, 2008 0:40:41 GMT
Sorry, know its bad of me, but its late and I don't have any alternative as I can't use my college site since my attendance is to low.
Assess the view that increased economic development inevitably leads to major and usually irreversible damage to the environment
Many countries are developing at an alarming rate. Both becoming more urbanised and more industrialised. Both of these processes damage the environment for different reasons. Countries can’t not develop without using both these changes. Yet it does have astronomically detrimental affects on the environment. However countries can’t not be expected to develop. Urbanisation is when people move from the country to the city. They do this for multiple reasons, to find more work, there are more resources in the city, better healthcare for family’s. Industrialisation is mainly when a country starts producing more factories in order to make more things and sell them so the country can develop.
These two processes however lead to damaging the environment. Industrialisation causes such things as deforestation, since people use the logs for resources and don’t always replant them. Chopping down trees in an ecologically affective way can often be hard to enforce. As only some chopping is illegal it becomes almost impossible to stop every illegal activity of it. Since people can produce false permits and find ways to get round the law system. Industrialisation can also cause desertification as the crops are harvested and the soil doesn’t have time to recover and it becomes useless. So no plants or wildlife can grow there. One of the most detrimental affects of industrialisation is the pollution that comes from it. With more factories being built there’s more smoke, burning and all of this affects and pollutes the environment usually to a point it can’t recover from. For instance in China they have built so many factories a layer of smog constantly hangs over the city. Both Industrialisation and Urbanisation cause cities to grow, and more houses to be built, so more resources are used up. Fossil fuels are running consistently low at the moment, and with the increase of factories there going to dry up at an even more alarming rate. For these multiple reasons its hard to see how economic development is not going to harm the world.
However there have been a few suggestions on what we can do to slow down this process, and maybe even minimize the affects to a point where they won’t have an affect. Kholsa argues that when developing we should move away from just seeing the social size and start viewing the ecological and economic factors as equals. For instance if something is to detrimental to the environment then it should be scaled back, as not to upset the balance. However this approach is difficult when a country is trying to rapidly develop and has to take the economic factors into consideration, it would probably slow the development of a country to such a large degree they would deem it not worth bothering with, as these countries are already poverty stricken.
To conclude I don’t see how countries can develop without damaging the environment. A few out there views suggest quite radical solutions that’ll never be followed. However arguments like Kholsa have valid points that should be considered when developing.
The story of Jamal Malik (Patel), an 18 year-old orphan from the slums of Mumbai, who is about to experience the biggest day of his life. With the whole nation watching, he is just one question away from winning a staggering 20 million rupees on India's "Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?" But when the show breaks for the night, police arrest him on suspicion of cheating; how could a street kid know so much? Desperate to prove his innocence, Jamal tells the story of his life in the slum where he and his brother grew up, of their adventures together on the road, of vicious encounters with local gangs, and of Latika (Pinto), the girl he loved and lost. Each chapter of his story reveals the key to the answer to one of the game show's questions. Each chapter of Jamal's increasingly layered story reveals where he learned the answers to the show's seemingly impossible quizzes. But one question remains a mystery: what is this young man with no apparent desire for riches really doing on the game show? When the new day dawns and Jamal returns to answer the final question, the Inspector and sixty million viewers are about to find out..

Slumdog Millionaire had a limited release on 12 November 2008 and is scheduled to have a wide release on 27 November 2008.
Composer A. R. Rahman planned the score over two months and completed it in two weeks.[5] He has stated he was aiming for "mixing modern India and the old India" with the music, but that the film and soundtrack "isn’t about India or Indian culture. The story could happen anywhere." Boyle, who "hated sentiment" and told Rahman "Never put a cello in my film", wanted a "pulsey" score. Rahman appreciated that Boyle liked how Indian films mix music, saying the director wanted "edgy, upfront" music that did not sound suppressed. Composing pieces to fit the images, he noted "there’s not many cues in the film. Usually a big film has 130 cues. This had just seventeen or eighteen: the end credits, beginning credits."[5] Describing the music as one of the parts he liked most in the film,[6] Boyle wanted to include M.I.A.'s "Paper Planes" from early on in production on the score, which appears along with an original track Rahman composed, "O...Saya," featuring Arulpragasam. M.I.A., who Rahman described as a "powerhouse" and Boyle hailed as "a gift" to the soundtrack gave brief film notes on some scenes to Boyle upon request during editing
reported that 90% of critics gave the film positive write-ups, based upon a sample of 69, with an average score of 8.2/10.
Screenwriter Simon Beaufoy
Fox Searchlight Pictures made an initial offer that was reportedly in the $2 million range, and Warner Independent Pictures made a $5 million offer that Fox Searchlight could not top.[3]
Cast Jennifer Connelly, Keanu Reeves 
Director(s) Scott Derrickson 
Screenwriter(s) David Scarpa
Analysis of the opening scene in A Clocwork Orange.
Stanley Kubrick’s film a Clockwork orange was highly controversial and shocking. It garnered a lot of attention from the media for the heights of its violence and shocking portrayal of rape. Many argued that is glorified violence and caused murdered. The film was eventually banned in England for causing deaths and because Stanley Kurbick received threatening letters, endangering his family and him. However many people who looked at A clockwork orange and viewed only the violence are missing the point of the film. It goes much beyond the violence and explores such themes as what it is to be human, how the government can control, how far can humans go before we take away free will, does society allow youths like Alex (Malcolm McDowell)? Through the film all the questions raised are left answerless, it merely suggests these questions and allows you to ponder them for ones self.
A Clockwork Orange is also exceptionally well shot, well paced, and well written. As with many Stanley Kubrick films its incredibly stylised and a wonder to look at. He uses camera angles in such interesting visual ways its always a feast for the eyes. The music used is always none contrapuntal, as its mostly always Ludwig Van Beethoven’s classic ninth symphony. It runs through most of the film giving it almost a dance like feel, this is heightened by the long camera shots intermeshed with scenes of fast and shocking editing.
The scene first opens with a red screen, with the words A clockwork orange pasted simply over it. Stanley Kubrick used a red screen to symbolise violence, blood and anger, it is also an ominous scene, filling the viewer with a sense of foreboding. Next we see Alex a close up of Alex as he stairs into the camera. Slowly the camera moves away from him revealing the Caronia Milk bar. Here Stanley Kubrick makes excellent use of mise en scene. We see the models are positioned in a overly sexual way, all of which are women. Revealing to us that they are living in a time when sex is overly popularised and a form of fashion. We see in this scene the film has a cold view of sex, its not something that two people in love should do, its something that everyone should be a part of, and its it’s a form of decoration and enjoyment. The bar is also a mesh of colours, white and black, all neon lit. This is to symbolise that at the time style was very important, this is also shown by Alex and his drogues, who have obviously put a lot of thought into the way they dress. He’s wearing a bowler hat, a white costume, that bears resemblance to a straight jacket. Perhaps symbolises he knows he’s not quite sane, and a eyeliner round his right eye. Style in this time is incredibly important to younger people, which is why they are sitting in a trendy bar, and have clearly put a lot of thought in the way they dress. This bears resemblance to are culture at the time, especially in England there was a specific fashion trend called the mods, who were lower class kids, but put effort into looking good and smart. A bit like Alex and his friends. The objects are used to great affect, such as the milk laced with drugs that they are drinking. It seems odd that they would be drinking milk, but the milk is white and as of the highly sexualised nature of four people it could be drawn to have a comparison to sperm. The actors are used to great affect, Alex is placed in the middle of them. This is to show he is the star of the show and is also the leader of the group. In this scene he is looking directly at the camera, with a slightly cocky grin. We are lead to believe that he is looking straight at us. At first view this could make us uncomfortable which was a reason for it. Yet diving deeper, it could be viewed that Alex is looking at us like we may be his next victims. We find out later in the film that Alex is a victim of a cold, corporate world. A Clockwork Orange in a lot of ways is a cautionary tale. Alex looking straight into the camera could be viewed as saying this is what are world may turn into, or if we are not careful, the heinous acts that re committed later on, could start happening to us.
As is usual with most Stanley Kurbrick films the camera angles are very stylised and deliberate. The long, uncut camera moving away from Alex gives us the feeling that we are there with him, and that world is almost encompassing us. Soon after the scene cuts to Alex and his droogs coming across a poor homeless man. We see a harsh blue light in the background as Alex slowly walks up to him, this is a long shot with the four shadows hovering over the man. Almost as if demons are approaching him, when Alex and the tramp are talking we see a close up of the side of Alex’s face, it looks as though he looming in over the man, like a vicious predator would. The mans is viewed in a low angle shot, as if we’re looking down upon him, which is symbolic as that is what Alex and his drooges are doing, they believe that there better then him. The blue light shines down upon them, giving the impression they’re on a stage, a if what they’re doing should be applauded.
The music is also a large part of the scene, in the begging of the scene its long and drawn out, which is known as contrapuntal music, it makes the audience feel uncomfortable, its sinister and creepy. Though through most of the film the music is none contrapuntal, its fast and upbeat, and has reminisce to classical music, which is associated with upper-class people and fine things. Not bloody and brutal beatings. It also makes a lot of the play seem like a dance, that all this is to the people is a dance, not a horrible act, just a dance something beautiful. While the audience clearly knows its not, we are lead to believe through the music this is what Alex views it as.
One could go about analysing A Clockwork Orange forever, even that one scene could be looked at again and again, each time from a different point of view, or one could draw even more connotations out from it. In this essay I have only scratched the surface of A Clockwork Orange. Though one this is for sure, when watching this film, every mood, and feeling it wants us to feel or see is conveyed perfectly from masterful and assured direction, a brilliant use of sound and well thought out Mise en scene. It surely is a movie that makes you take note of what its saying, and not just because of the graphicness of the violence.
Part A
Middlemist looked at the consequences of invading ones personal space. He carried out his experiment in a university hall. He would stand in the toilet and time how long it would take for someone to start urinating when someone was using the urinal next to them. The toilet had three urinals. Middlemist used an associate to stand next to them, or a sign stating that the toilet was out of order. He also had the control of not having anyone stand next to them. He piled four books underneath the door of the cubicle he was watching in and then waited to see how long it took for them to start urinating and when they stopped. He found that it took longer much longer to start urinating when someone was standing close to them. They also finished much sooner. This study suggests that an invasion of someone’s personal space is likely to cause them to become more stressed and uncomfortable.
Felipe and Sommer performed a study which involved invading the personal space of people who were working a university library. They wanted to see how long it would take for someone to leave once they had their personal space invaded. They chose people who were working on there own at a table and the deliberately sat at varying distances from them and made notes. The closest the researcher would go was right next to the person, they would move the chair so they were shoulder to shoulder. The most distant they would sit was opposite the person. They would then time how long it would take for the person to continue working under those conditions. As a control they also timed how long people worked in similar conditions if someone didn’t come over to them. They that 55% of the participants left after ten minutes of being sat so close to. This study suggests that people are more likely to evacuate the area when there personal space has been invaded rather then stay and continue doing what they’d preferably do.
Hall defined personal space as something that can not be seen and is a bubble. We get over aroused and stressed when its invaded. A constant invasion of persona space can lead to stress and nerves. Hall identified four different types of personal space. Intimate Distance where the people are usually standing 0 to 8 inches apart from each other. Personal distance where the people are usually standing 18inces to four feet away from each other. Social distance where people are standing 4-12 feet away from each other, and public distance where people are standing 12-25 feet away from each other. Intimate distance is usually reserved for emotionally intimate relationships involving contact. Personal distance usually allows for friends in an everyday situation. Social is usually a more formal distance. Public distance is usually for very formal situations where one might not want to be to close to someone. This study suggests that personal space may vary depending on how we perceive the people around us.
Brown and Harris’s study looked at the effects and consequences when personal space is invaded. They did this by interviewing female victims of burglary in a suburb of Utah. They did this in order to evaluate extent to which the depth of territorial intrusion we associated with adverse physiological reactions to burglary. They noted that extensive intrusion would upset the victims more then just theft. The findings showed of short term stress and long term feelings vulnerability were related to the degree of devastation. Which didn’t mean the amount of damage they caused, but how many rooms were entered. Also, they amount of property that was thrown out of order because of it. The amount of property taken often didn’t increase the feelings of vulnerability but curiously if the items had sentimental value that would further increase feelings of vulnerability. This study suggests that the invasion of ones territory can lead them to feel vulnerable especially if the territory is thrown out of order.
Part B
An issue with different studies when looking and personal space an territory is ethics. Ethics are a code that were put up in order to make sure that participants or anything involved in the experiment were not harmed physically or emotionally during the experiment. Things such as consent and debriefing, protection from harm are often tricky ethical guidelines to avoid breaking. Middlemists study was low on ethics. He carried out his experiment in a lavatory and used a periscope to watch people urinate without the persons knowledge or consent. This breaks the ethical guideline of consent and deception. Similarly Brown and Harris was low on ethical guidelines. They interviewed women in the suburbs of Utah and asked them about robberies in their house. This could bring up traumatic memories. Especially since they stated they felt vulnerable these interviews could have reminded them of the robbery and that feeling and intensified it. On the other hand Hall was high on ethics. As he came up with ways to define the differences in personal space. All he had to do was monitor how far people were standing away from each other and note it down. As all he was doing was making notes and not even taking part in an experiment with set rules or guidelines. This ensured the people weren’t being deceived or not being protected from harm. Ethics can be good as they allow the experimenter to carry out more experiments and have credibility. As well as an ease to garner more participants for the next experiment if they follow the ethical guidelines. They can however a hinder a experiment as it sometimes makes it harder to carry out and get the same levels of validity and reliability.,
Sample and generalizablity also an issue when evaluating these studies. Sample is the participants and the amount of them that used when carrying out an experiment. Generalisability is the amount of ease that one can credibly relate the findings of the experiment to other people. In an experiment carried out by Krebs he monitored if birds would invade a territory more quickly if there was not a bird song in that area. This is hard to generalize to other mammals as birds have a totally different set of territories and ways of monitoring when that territory is easy to invade. Also, humans have different ways of defending territory. Krebs stated that birds defended it by using songs. Humans often defend it by putting up signs and borders. This in no way can be considered the same, and how birds interact with each other and their territories in no way relates to how humans do it. Similarly Middlemist has a bad sample size and is hard to generalize as it was only carried out in one toilet in one university. There could be many different results if was carried out in separate places. If it was done on a different age group perhaps it would not have been such a big deal if someone was standing next to them while urinating. Or if it was done in a different setting, such as a shopping mall, where its busy and often toilets are not so readily available. Its hard to generalize the findings as there are so many different variables he didn’t take into account. Hall could be high on generalizebility and have a good sample. As all he did was observe, he probably looked at a lot of different people in a number of varied places. All he had to do is walk about and monitor how close people were standing together and judge their relationship. He could achieve this by walking anywhere and looking at anyone, regardless of age and gender. So he probably saw people in many different places and scenario’s. Sample can be good as it allows the findings to be easily generalized to different people. However it can hinder the experiment as its often hard to get a large sample together. Especially a sample varied in age, gender, social status.
One of the things that these experiments did well was manage to attain a high ecological validity. Ecological validity is where the settings as true to real life as possible and people can’t be influenced by knowing that there in a lab. Ecological Validity put simply is making the experiment as true to the real world as possible. Its usually managed by having covert experiments in a real world setting. Not a lab. Krebs was high on ecological validity as he carried it out in a forest and watched birds in their real setting. They weren’t caged or put in an environment they weren’t familiar with. So they could only act how a bird would act, showing that he got there most natural behaviours. Similarly Brown and Harris was high in ecological validity as it was done by interviewing real people who had suffered break ins. They weren’t speculating what people could feel or what feelings they could have. They spoke to real victims of robberies and noted down their feelings. On the other hand Felipe and Sommer could be considered to be low in ecological validity as it was carried out in a library, which while that is a real life setting, its not normal that someone would come over and sit that close to you while working. Especially not in a library. This could have made the peoples behaviours less normal. They could have believed it was a practical joke and acted accordingly. Ecological validity can be good as it means subjects act accordingly and how they would in real life. However it can sometimes lower the experiments actual validity as there are not many controls that can be put in place, coupled with the fact its almost impossible to be sure if they are acting in that way because of the psychological reasons behind it, or because that’s who they are.
Ethnocentrism is an issue with these studies. Ethnocentrism is when a study is carried out in only a certain place, and if it was carried out in another place it might change the results. Middlemists study was very Ethnocentric, as it was only carried out in one toilet in one university. If it was carried out somewhere such as a university in Japan, the results could vary hugely. As Japanese people are known to be very private when it comes to urinating. Similarly Felipe and Sommer is low in ecological validity as it was only done in one library. If it was carried out in a library that was maybe in a different country and didn’t have as much space in it, so people were forced to sit together then there’s a large possibility that people would not be as bothered by someone sitting to close to them. Ethnocentrism can sometimes allow an experiment to be carried out more quickly and efficiently. While it can also hinder the generalizibility as it does not fully take into account how results may change depending on the country.
Assess the view that increased economic development inevitably leads to major and usually irreversible damage to the environment
Many countries are developing at an alarming rate. Both becoming more urbanised and more industrialised. Both of these processes damage the environment for different reasons. Countries can’t not develop without using both these changes. Yet it does have astronomically detrimental affects on the environment. However countries can’t not be expected to develop. Urbanisation is when people move from the country to the city. They do this for multiple reasons, to find more work, there are more resources in the city, better healthcare for family’s. Industrialisation is mainly when a country starts producing more factories in order to make more things and sell them so the country can develop.
These two processes however lead to damaging the environment. Industrialisation causes such things as deforestation, since people use the logs for resources and don’t always replant them. Chopping down trees in an ecologically affective way can often be hard to enforce. As only some chopping is illegal it becomes almost impossible to stop every illegal activity of it. Since people can produce false permits and find ways to get round the law system. Industrialisation can also cause desertification as the crops are harvested and the soil doesn’t have time to recover and it becomes useless. So no plants or wildlife can grow there. One of the most detrimental affects of industrialisation is the pollution that comes from it. With more factories being built there’s more smoke, burning and all of this affects and pollutes the environment usually to a point it can’t recover from. For instance in China they have built so many factories a layer of smog constantly hangs over the city. Both Industrialisation and Urbanisation cause cities to grow, and more houses to be built, so more resources are used up. Fossil fuels are running consistently low at the moment, and with the increase of factories there going to dry up at an even more alarming rate. For these multiple reasons its hard to see how economic development is not going to harm the world.
However there have been a few suggestions on what we can do to slow down this process, and maybe even minimize the affects to a point where they won’t have an affect. Kholsa argues that when developing we should move away from just seeing the social size and start viewing the ecological and economic factors as equals. For instance if something is to detrimental to the environment then it should be scaled back, as not to upset the balance. However this approach is difficult when a country is trying to rapidly develop and has to take the economic factors into consideration, it would probably slow the development of a country to such a large degree they would deem it not worth bothering with, as these countries are already poverty stricken.
To conclude I don’t see how countries can develop without damaging the environment. A few out there views suggest quite radical solutions that’ll never be followed. However arguments like Kholsa have valid points that should be considered when developing.
The story of Jamal Malik (Patel), an 18 year-old orphan from the slums of Mumbai, who is about to experience the biggest day of his life. With the whole nation watching, he is just one question away from winning a staggering 20 million rupees on India's "Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?" But when the show breaks for the night, police arrest him on suspicion of cheating; how could a street kid know so much? Desperate to prove his innocence, Jamal tells the story of his life in the slum where he and his brother grew up, of their adventures together on the road, of vicious encounters with local gangs, and of Latika (Pinto), the girl he loved and lost. Each chapter of his story reveals the key to the answer to one of the game show's questions. Each chapter of Jamal's increasingly layered story reveals where he learned the answers to the show's seemingly impossible quizzes. But one question remains a mystery: what is this young man with no apparent desire for riches really doing on the game show? When the new day dawns and Jamal returns to answer the final question, the Inspector and sixty million viewers are about to find out..

Slumdog Millionaire had a limited release on 12 November 2008 and is scheduled to have a wide release on 27 November 2008.
Composer A. R. Rahman planned the score over two months and completed it in two weeks.[5] He has stated he was aiming for "mixing modern India and the old India" with the music, but that the film and soundtrack "isn’t about India or Indian culture. The story could happen anywhere." Boyle, who "hated sentiment" and told Rahman "Never put a cello in my film", wanted a "pulsey" score. Rahman appreciated that Boyle liked how Indian films mix music, saying the director wanted "edgy, upfront" music that did not sound suppressed. Composing pieces to fit the images, he noted "there’s not many cues in the film. Usually a big film has 130 cues. This had just seventeen or eighteen: the end credits, beginning credits."[5] Describing the music as one of the parts he liked most in the film,[6] Boyle wanted to include M.I.A.'s "Paper Planes" from early on in production on the score, which appears along with an original track Rahman composed, "O...Saya," featuring Arulpragasam. M.I.A., who Rahman described as a "powerhouse" and Boyle hailed as "a gift" to the soundtrack gave brief film notes on some scenes to Boyle upon request during editing
reported that 90% of critics gave the film positive write-ups, based upon a sample of 69, with an average score of 8.2/10.
Screenwriter Simon Beaufoy
Fox Searchlight Pictures made an initial offer that was reportedly in the $2 million range, and Warner Independent Pictures made a $5 million offer that Fox Searchlight could not top.[3]
Cast Jennifer Connelly, Keanu Reeves 
Director(s) Scott Derrickson 
Screenwriter(s) David Scarpa
Analysis of the opening scene in A Clocwork Orange.
Stanley Kubrick’s film a Clockwork orange was highly controversial and shocking. It garnered a lot of attention from the media for the heights of its violence and shocking portrayal of rape. Many argued that is glorified violence and caused murdered. The film was eventually banned in England for causing deaths and because Stanley Kurbick received threatening letters, endangering his family and him. However many people who looked at A clockwork orange and viewed only the violence are missing the point of the film. It goes much beyond the violence and explores such themes as what it is to be human, how the government can control, how far can humans go before we take away free will, does society allow youths like Alex (Malcolm McDowell)? Through the film all the questions raised are left answerless, it merely suggests these questions and allows you to ponder them for ones self.
A Clockwork Orange is also exceptionally well shot, well paced, and well written. As with many Stanley Kubrick films its incredibly stylised and a wonder to look at. He uses camera angles in such interesting visual ways its always a feast for the eyes. The music used is always none contrapuntal, as its mostly always Ludwig Van Beethoven’s classic ninth symphony. It runs through most of the film giving it almost a dance like feel, this is heightened by the long camera shots intermeshed with scenes of fast and shocking editing.
The scene first opens with a red screen, with the words A clockwork orange pasted simply over it. Stanley Kubrick used a red screen to symbolise violence, blood and anger, it is also an ominous scene, filling the viewer with a sense of foreboding. Next we see Alex a close up of Alex as he stairs into the camera. Slowly the camera moves away from him revealing the Caronia Milk bar. Here Stanley Kubrick makes excellent use of mise en scene. We see the models are positioned in a overly sexual way, all of which are women. Revealing to us that they are living in a time when sex is overly popularised and a form of fashion. We see in this scene the film has a cold view of sex, its not something that two people in love should do, its something that everyone should be a part of, and its it’s a form of decoration and enjoyment. The bar is also a mesh of colours, white and black, all neon lit. This is to symbolise that at the time style was very important, this is also shown by Alex and his drogues, who have obviously put a lot of thought into the way they dress. He’s wearing a bowler hat, a white costume, that bears resemblance to a straight jacket. Perhaps symbolises he knows he’s not quite sane, and a eyeliner round his right eye. Style in this time is incredibly important to younger people, which is why they are sitting in a trendy bar, and have clearly put a lot of thought in the way they dress. This bears resemblance to are culture at the time, especially in England there was a specific fashion trend called the mods, who were lower class kids, but put effort into looking good and smart. A bit like Alex and his friends. The objects are used to great affect, such as the milk laced with drugs that they are drinking. It seems odd that they would be drinking milk, but the milk is white and as of the highly sexualised nature of four people it could be drawn to have a comparison to sperm. The actors are used to great affect, Alex is placed in the middle of them. This is to show he is the star of the show and is also the leader of the group. In this scene he is looking directly at the camera, with a slightly cocky grin. We are lead to believe that he is looking straight at us. At first view this could make us uncomfortable which was a reason for it. Yet diving deeper, it could be viewed that Alex is looking at us like we may be his next victims. We find out later in the film that Alex is a victim of a cold, corporate world. A Clockwork Orange in a lot of ways is a cautionary tale. Alex looking straight into the camera could be viewed as saying this is what are world may turn into, or if we are not careful, the heinous acts that re committed later on, could start happening to us.
As is usual with most Stanley Kurbrick films the camera angles are very stylised and deliberate. The long, uncut camera moving away from Alex gives us the feeling that we are there with him, and that world is almost encompassing us. Soon after the scene cuts to Alex and his droogs coming across a poor homeless man. We see a harsh blue light in the background as Alex slowly walks up to him, this is a long shot with the four shadows hovering over the man. Almost as if demons are approaching him, when Alex and the tramp are talking we see a close up of the side of Alex’s face, it looks as though he looming in over the man, like a vicious predator would. The mans is viewed in a low angle shot, as if we’re looking down upon him, which is symbolic as that is what Alex and his drooges are doing, they believe that there better then him. The blue light shines down upon them, giving the impression they’re on a stage, a if what they’re doing should be applauded.
The music is also a large part of the scene, in the begging of the scene its long and drawn out, which is known as contrapuntal music, it makes the audience feel uncomfortable, its sinister and creepy. Though through most of the film the music is none contrapuntal, its fast and upbeat, and has reminisce to classical music, which is associated with upper-class people and fine things. Not bloody and brutal beatings. It also makes a lot of the play seem like a dance, that all this is to the people is a dance, not a horrible act, just a dance something beautiful. While the audience clearly knows its not, we are lead to believe through the music this is what Alex views it as.
One could go about analysing A Clockwork Orange forever, even that one scene could be looked at again and again, each time from a different point of view, or one could draw even more connotations out from it. In this essay I have only scratched the surface of A Clockwork Orange. Though one this is for sure, when watching this film, every mood, and feeling it wants us to feel or see is conveyed perfectly from masterful and assured direction, a brilliant use of sound and well thought out Mise en scene. It surely is a movie that makes you take note of what its saying, and not just because of the graphicness of the violence.
Part A
Middlemist looked at the consequences of invading ones personal space. He carried out his experiment in a university hall. He would stand in the toilet and time how long it would take for someone to start urinating when someone was using the urinal next to them. The toilet had three urinals. Middlemist used an associate to stand next to them, or a sign stating that the toilet was out of order. He also had the control of not having anyone stand next to them. He piled four books underneath the door of the cubicle he was watching in and then waited to see how long it took for them to start urinating and when they stopped. He found that it took longer much longer to start urinating when someone was standing close to them. They also finished much sooner. This study suggests that an invasion of someone’s personal space is likely to cause them to become more stressed and uncomfortable.
Felipe and Sommer performed a study which involved invading the personal space of people who were working a university library. They wanted to see how long it would take for someone to leave once they had their personal space invaded. They chose people who were working on there own at a table and the deliberately sat at varying distances from them and made notes. The closest the researcher would go was right next to the person, they would move the chair so they were shoulder to shoulder. The most distant they would sit was opposite the person. They would then time how long it would take for the person to continue working under those conditions. As a control they also timed how long people worked in similar conditions if someone didn’t come over to them. They that 55% of the participants left after ten minutes of being sat so close to. This study suggests that people are more likely to evacuate the area when there personal space has been invaded rather then stay and continue doing what they’d preferably do.
Hall defined personal space as something that can not be seen and is a bubble. We get over aroused and stressed when its invaded. A constant invasion of persona space can lead to stress and nerves. Hall identified four different types of personal space. Intimate Distance where the people are usually standing 0 to 8 inches apart from each other. Personal distance where the people are usually standing 18inces to four feet away from each other. Social distance where people are standing 4-12 feet away from each other, and public distance where people are standing 12-25 feet away from each other. Intimate distance is usually reserved for emotionally intimate relationships involving contact. Personal distance usually allows for friends in an everyday situation. Social is usually a more formal distance. Public distance is usually for very formal situations where one might not want to be to close to someone. This study suggests that personal space may vary depending on how we perceive the people around us.
Brown and Harris’s study looked at the effects and consequences when personal space is invaded. They did this by interviewing female victims of burglary in a suburb of Utah. They did this in order to evaluate extent to which the depth of territorial intrusion we associated with adverse physiological reactions to burglary. They noted that extensive intrusion would upset the victims more then just theft. The findings showed of short term stress and long term feelings vulnerability were related to the degree of devastation. Which didn’t mean the amount of damage they caused, but how many rooms were entered. Also, they amount of property that was thrown out of order because of it. The amount of property taken often didn’t increase the feelings of vulnerability but curiously if the items had sentimental value that would further increase feelings of vulnerability. This study suggests that the invasion of ones territory can lead them to feel vulnerable especially if the territory is thrown out of order.
Part B
An issue with different studies when looking and personal space an territory is ethics. Ethics are a code that were put up in order to make sure that participants or anything involved in the experiment were not harmed physically or emotionally during the experiment. Things such as consent and debriefing, protection from harm are often tricky ethical guidelines to avoid breaking. Middlemists study was low on ethics. He carried out his experiment in a lavatory and used a periscope to watch people urinate without the persons knowledge or consent. This breaks the ethical guideline of consent and deception. Similarly Brown and Harris was low on ethical guidelines. They interviewed women in the suburbs of Utah and asked them about robberies in their house. This could bring up traumatic memories. Especially since they stated they felt vulnerable these interviews could have reminded them of the robbery and that feeling and intensified it. On the other hand Hall was high on ethics. As he came up with ways to define the differences in personal space. All he had to do was monitor how far people were standing away from each other and note it down. As all he was doing was making notes and not even taking part in an experiment with set rules or guidelines. This ensured the people weren’t being deceived or not being protected from harm. Ethics can be good as they allow the experimenter to carry out more experiments and have credibility. As well as an ease to garner more participants for the next experiment if they follow the ethical guidelines. They can however a hinder a experiment as it sometimes makes it harder to carry out and get the same levels of validity and reliability.,
Sample and generalizablity also an issue when evaluating these studies. Sample is the participants and the amount of them that used when carrying out an experiment. Generalisability is the amount of ease that one can credibly relate the findings of the experiment to other people. In an experiment carried out by Krebs he monitored if birds would invade a territory more quickly if there was not a bird song in that area. This is hard to generalize to other mammals as birds have a totally different set of territories and ways of monitoring when that territory is easy to invade. Also, humans have different ways of defending territory. Krebs stated that birds defended it by using songs. Humans often defend it by putting up signs and borders. This in no way can be considered the same, and how birds interact with each other and their territories in no way relates to how humans do it. Similarly Middlemist has a bad sample size and is hard to generalize as it was only carried out in one toilet in one university. There could be many different results if was carried out in separate places. If it was done on a different age group perhaps it would not have been such a big deal if someone was standing next to them while urinating. Or if it was done in a different setting, such as a shopping mall, where its busy and often toilets are not so readily available. Its hard to generalize the findings as there are so many different variables he didn’t take into account. Hall could be high on generalizebility and have a good sample. As all he did was observe, he probably looked at a lot of different people in a number of varied places. All he had to do is walk about and monitor how close people were standing together and judge their relationship. He could achieve this by walking anywhere and looking at anyone, regardless of age and gender. So he probably saw people in many different places and scenario’s. Sample can be good as it allows the findings to be easily generalized to different people. However it can hinder the experiment as its often hard to get a large sample together. Especially a sample varied in age, gender, social status.
One of the things that these experiments did well was manage to attain a high ecological validity. Ecological validity is where the settings as true to real life as possible and people can’t be influenced by knowing that there in a lab. Ecological Validity put simply is making the experiment as true to the real world as possible. Its usually managed by having covert experiments in a real world setting. Not a lab. Krebs was high on ecological validity as he carried it out in a forest and watched birds in their real setting. They weren’t caged or put in an environment they weren’t familiar with. So they could only act how a bird would act, showing that he got there most natural behaviours. Similarly Brown and Harris was high in ecological validity as it was done by interviewing real people who had suffered break ins. They weren’t speculating what people could feel or what feelings they could have. They spoke to real victims of robberies and noted down their feelings. On the other hand Felipe and Sommer could be considered to be low in ecological validity as it was carried out in a library, which while that is a real life setting, its not normal that someone would come over and sit that close to you while working. Especially not in a library. This could have made the peoples behaviours less normal. They could have believed it was a practical joke and acted accordingly. Ecological validity can be good as it means subjects act accordingly and how they would in real life. However it can sometimes lower the experiments actual validity as there are not many controls that can be put in place, coupled with the fact its almost impossible to be sure if they are acting in that way because of the psychological reasons behind it, or because that’s who they are.
Ethnocentrism is an issue with these studies. Ethnocentrism is when a study is carried out in only a certain place, and if it was carried out in another place it might change the results. Middlemists study was very Ethnocentric, as it was only carried out in one toilet in one university. If it was carried out somewhere such as a university in Japan, the results could vary hugely. As Japanese people are known to be very private when it comes to urinating. Similarly Felipe and Sommer is low in ecological validity as it was only done in one library. If it was carried out in a library that was maybe in a different country and didn’t have as much space in it, so people were forced to sit together then there’s a large possibility that people would not be as bothered by someone sitting to close to them. Ethnocentrism can sometimes allow an experiment to be carried out more quickly and efficiently. While it can also hinder the generalizibility as it does not fully take into account how results may change depending on the country.
